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      07-剩余参数和扩展运算符
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<h2 id="剩余参数"><a href="#剩余参数" class="headerlink" title="剩余参数"></a>剩余参数</h2><p><strong>剩余参数</strong>允许我们将不确定数量的<strong>剩余的元素</strong>放到一个<strong>数组</strong>中。</p>
<p>比如说，当函数的实参个数大于形参个数时，我们可以将剩余的实参放到一个数组中。</p>
<p><strong>传统写法</strong>：</p>
<p>ES5 中，在定义方法时，参数要确定个数，如下：（程序会报错）</p>
<pre class="highlight"><span class="line"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title function_">fn</span>(<span class="params">a, b, c</span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(a);</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(b);</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(c);</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(d);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="title function_">fn</span>(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>);</span><br></pre>

<p>上方代码中，因为方法的参数是三个，但使用时是用到了四个参数，所以会报错：</p>
<p><img  srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20300'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src="http://img.smyhvae.com/20180304_1638.png" class="lozad post-image"src="http://img.smyhvae.com/20180304_1638.png"></p>
<p><strong>ES6 写法</strong>：</p>
<p>ES6 中，我们有了剩余参数，就不用担心报错的问题了。代码可以这样写：</p>
<pre class="highlight"><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="title function_">fn</span> = (<span class="params">...args</span>) =&gt; &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">//当不确定方法的参数时，可以使用剩余参数</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(args[<span class="number">0</span>]);</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(args[<span class="number">1</span>]);</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(args[<span class="number">2</span>]);</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(args[<span class="number">3</span>]);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="title function_">fn</span>(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="title function_">fn</span>(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>); <span class="comment">//方法的定义中了四个参数，但调用函数时只使用了三个参数，ES6 中并不会报错。</span></span><br></pre>

<p>打印结果：</p>
<pre class="highlight"><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">undefined</span><br><span class="line">undefined</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">undefined</span><br></pre>

<p>上方代码中注意，args 参数之后，不能再加别的参数，否则编译报错。</p>
<p>下面这段代码，也是利用到了剩余参数：</p>
<pre class="highlight"><span class="line"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title function_">fn1</span>(<span class="params">first, ...args</span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(first); <span class="comment">// 10</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(args); <span class="comment">// 数组：[20, 30]</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="title function_">fn1</span>(<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">20</span>, <span class="number">30</span>);</span><br></pre>

<h3 id="剩余参数的举例：参数求和"><a href="#剩余参数的举例：参数求和" class="headerlink" title="剩余参数的举例：参数求和"></a>剩余参数的举例：参数求和</h3><p>代码举例：</p>
<pre class="highlight"><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="title function_">sum</span> = (<span class="params">...args</span>) =&gt; &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">let</span> total = <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    args.<span class="title function_">forEach</span>(<span class="function"><span class="params">item</span> =&gt;</span> total += item); <span class="comment">// 注意 forEach里面的代码，写得 很精简</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> total;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(<span class="title function_">sum</span>(<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">20</span>, <span class="number">30</span>));</span><br></pre>

<p>打印结果：60</p>
<h3 id="剩余参数和解构赋值配合使用"><a href="#剩余参数和解构赋值配合使用" class="headerlink" title="剩余参数和解构赋值配合使用"></a>剩余参数和解构赋值配合使用</h3><p>代码举例：</p>
<pre class="highlight"><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> students = [<span class="string">&#x27;张三&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;李四&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;王五&#x27;</span>];</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> [s1, ...s2] = students;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(s1); <span class="comment">// &#x27;张三&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(s2); <span class="comment">// [&#x27;李四&#x27;, &#x27;王五&#x27;]</span></span><br></pre>

<h2 id="扩展运算符（展开语法）"><a href="#扩展运算符（展开语法）" class="headerlink" title="扩展运算符（展开语法）"></a>扩展运算符（展开语法）</h2><p>扩展运算符和剩余参数是相反的。</p>
<p>剩余参数是将剩余的元素放到一个数组中；而扩展运算符是将数组或者对象拆分成逗号分隔的参数序列。</p>
<p>代码举例：</p>
<pre class="highlight"><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> arr = [<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">20</span>, <span class="number">30</span>];</span><br><span class="line">...arr <span class="comment">// 10, 20, 30      注意，这一行是伪代码，这里用到了扩展运算符</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(...arr); <span class="comment">// 10 20 30</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">20</span>, <span class="number">30</span>); <span class="comment">// 10 20 30</span></span><br></pre>

<p>上面的代码要仔细看：</p>
<p><code>arr</code>是一个数组，而<code>...arr</code>则表示<code>10, 20, 30</code>这样的序列。</p>
<p>我们把<code>...arr</code> 打印出来，发现打印结果竟然是 <code>10 20 30</code>，为啥逗号不见了呢？因为逗号被当作了 console.log 的参数分隔符。如果你不信，可以直接打印 <code>console.log(10, 20, 30)</code> 看看。</p>
<p>接下来，我们看一下扩展运算符的应用。</p>
<h3 id="举例1：数组赋值"><a href="#举例1：数组赋值" class="headerlink" title="举例1：数组赋值"></a>举例1：数组赋值</h3><p>数组赋值的代码举例：</p>
<pre class="highlight"><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> arr2 = [...arr1]; <span class="comment">// 将 arr1 赋值给 arr2</span></span><br></pre>

<p>为了理解上面这行代码，我们先来分析一段代码：（将数组 arr1 赋值给 arr2）</p>
<pre class="highlight"><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> arr1 = [<span class="string">&#x27;www&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;smyhvae&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;com&#x27;</span>];</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> arr2 = arr1; <span class="comment">// 将 arr1 赋值给 arr2，其实是让 arr2 指向 arr1 的内存地址</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(<span class="string">&#x27;arr1:&#x27;</span> + arr1);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(<span class="string">&#x27;arr2:&#x27;</span> + arr2);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(<span class="string">&#x27;---------------------&#x27;</span>);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">arr2.<span class="title function_">push</span>(<span class="string">&#x27;你懂得&#x27;</span>); <span class="comment">//往 arr2 里添加一部分内容</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(<span class="string">&#x27;arr1:&#x27;</span> + arr1);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(<span class="string">&#x27;arr2:&#x27;</span> + arr2);</span><br></pre>

<p>运行结果：</p>
<p><img  srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20300'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src="http://img.smyhvae.com/20180304_1950.png" class="lozad post-image"src="http://img.smyhvae.com/20180304_1950.png"></p>
<p>上方代码中，我们往往 arr2 里添加了<code>你懂的</code>，却发现，arr1 里也有这个内容。原因是：<code>let arr2 = arr1;</code>其实是让 arr2 指向 arr1 的地址。也就是说，二者指向的是同一个内存地址。</p>
<p>如果不想让 arr1 和 arr2 指向同一个内存地址，我们可以借助<strong>扩展运算符</strong>来做：</p>
<pre class="highlight"><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> arr1 = [<span class="string">&#x27;www&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;smyhvae&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;com&#x27;</span>];</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> arr2 = [...arr1]; <span class="comment">//【重要代码】arr2 会重新开辟内存地址</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(<span class="string">&#x27;arr1:&#x27;</span> + arr1);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(<span class="string">&#x27;arr2:&#x27;</span> + arr2);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(<span class="string">&#x27;---------------------&#x27;</span>);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">arr2.<span class="title function_">push</span>(<span class="string">&#x27;你懂得&#x27;</span>); <span class="comment">//往arr2 里添加一部分内容</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(<span class="string">&#x27;arr1:&#x27;</span> + arr1);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(<span class="string">&#x27;arr2:&#x27;</span> + arr2);</span><br></pre>

<p>运行结果：</p>
<pre class="highlight"><span class="line">arr1:www,smyhvae,com</span><br><span class="line">arr2:www,smyhvae,com</span><br><span class="line">---------------------</span><br><span class="line">arr1:www,smyhvae,com</span><br><span class="line">arr2:www,smyhvae,com,你懂得</span><br></pre>

<p>我们明白了这个例子，就可以避免开发中的很多业务逻辑上的 bug。</p>
<h3 id="举例2：合并数组"><a href="#举例2：合并数组" class="headerlink" title="举例2：合并数组"></a>举例2：合并数组</h3><p>代码举例：</p>
<pre class="highlight"><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> arr1 = [<span class="string">&#x27;王一&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;王二&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;王三&#x27;</span>];</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> arr2 = [<span class="string">&#x27;王四&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;王五&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;王六&#x27;</span>];</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// ...arr1  // &#x27;王一&#x27;,&#x27;王二&#x27;,&#x27;王三&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// ...arr2  // &#x27;王四&#x27;,&#x27;王五&#x27;,&#x27;王六&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 方法1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> arr3 = [...arr1, ...arr2];</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(arr3); <span class="comment">// [&quot;王一&quot;, &quot;王二&quot;, &quot;王三&quot;, &quot;王四&quot;, &quot;王五&quot;, &quot;王六&quot;]</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 方法2</span></span><br><span class="line">arr1.<span class="title function_">push</span>(...arr2);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(arr1); <span class="comment">// [&quot;王一&quot;, &quot;王二&quot;, &quot;王三&quot;, &quot;王四&quot;, &quot;王五&quot;, &quot;王六&quot;]</span></span><br></pre>

<h3 id="举例3：将伪数组或者可遍历对象转换为真正的数组"><a href="#举例3：将伪数组或者可遍历对象转换为真正的数组" class="headerlink" title="举例3：将伪数组或者可遍历对象转换为真正的数组"></a>举例3：将伪数组或者可遍历对象转换为真正的数组</h3><p>代码举例：</p>
<pre class="highlight"><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> myDivs = <span class="variable language_">document</span>.<span class="title function_">getElementsByClassName</span>(<span class="string">&#x27;div&#x27;</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> divArr = [...myDivs]; <span class="comment">// 利用扩展运算符，将伪数组转为真正的数组</span></span><br></pre>

<p><strong>补充</strong>：</p>
<p>我们在《JavaScript基础&#x2F;数组的常见方法》中也学过，还有一种方式，可以将伪数组（或者可遍历对象）转换为真正的数组。语法格式如下：</p>
<pre class="highlight"><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> arr2 = <span class="title class_">Array</span>.<span class="title function_">from</span>(arrayLike);</span><br></pre>


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<ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%89%A9%E4%BD%99%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0"><span class="toc-text">剩余参数</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%89%A9%E4%BD%99%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%BE%E4%BE%8B%EF%BC%9A%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E6%B1%82%E5%92%8C"><span class="toc-text">剩余参数的举例：参数求和</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%89%A9%E4%BD%99%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%92%8C%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%84%E8%B5%8B%E5%80%BC%E9%85%8D%E5%90%88%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8"><span class="toc-text">剩余参数和解构赋值配合使用</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%89%A9%E5%B1%95%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97%E7%AC%A6%EF%BC%88%E5%B1%95%E5%BC%80%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%89"><span class="toc-text">扩展运算符（展开语法）</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%BE%E4%BE%8B1%EF%BC%9A%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%84%E8%B5%8B%E5%80%BC"><span class="toc-text">举例1：数组赋值</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%BE%E4%BE%8B2%EF%BC%9A%E5%90%88%E5%B9%B6%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%84"><span class="toc-text">举例2：合并数组</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%BE%E4%BE%8B3%EF%BC%9A%E5%B0%86%E4%BC%AA%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%84%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E5%8F%AF%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2%E4%B8%BA%E7%9C%9F%E6%AD%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%84"><span class="toc-text">举例3：将伪数组或者可遍历对象转换为真正的数组</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AC%E4%BC%97%E5%8F%B7"><span class="toc-text">我的公众号</span></a></li></ol>
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